Question 3.1:
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is
0.4Ω, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
Answer
Emf of the battery, E = 12 V
Internal resistance of the battery,
Maximum current drawn from the battery =
According to Ohm’s law,
The maximum current drawn from the given battery is 30 A.
Question 3.2:
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is connecte
in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage
of the battery when the circuit is closed?
Answer
Emf of the battery, E = 10 V
Internal resistance of the battery,
r = 0.4 Ω
I
connected to a resistor. If the current
r = 3 Ω
d
Current in the circuit, I = 0.5 A
Resistance of the resistor = R
The relation for current using Ohm’s law is,
Terminal voltage of the resistor =
According to Ohm’s law,
V = IR
= 0.5 × 17
= 8.5 V
Therefore, the resistance of the resistor is 17 Ω and the
8.5 V.
Question 3.3:
Three resistors 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω are combined in series. What is the total resistance of
the combination?
If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12 V and negligible internal
resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor.
Answer
Three resistors of resistances 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω are combined in series. Total resistance of
the combination is given by the algebraic sum of individual resistances.
V
terminal voltage is
Total resistance = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 Ω
Current flowing through the circuit =
Emf of the battery, E = 12 V
Total resistance of the circuit,
The relation for current using Ohm’s law is,
Potential drop across 1 Ω resistor =
From Ohm’s law, the value of
V1 = 2 × 1= 2 V … (i)
Potential drop across 2 Ω resistor =
Again, from Ohm’s law, the value of
V2 = 2 × 2= 4 V … (ii)
Potential drop across 3 Ω resistor =
Again, from Ohm’s law, the value of
V3 = 2 × 3= 6 V … (iii)
Therefore, the potential drop across 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω resistors are 2 V, 4 V, and 6 V
respectively.
Question 3.4:
Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω and 5 Ω are combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of
the combination?
If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 20 V and negligible internal
resistance, determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from
the battery.
Answer
I
R = 6 Ω
V1
V1 can be obtained as
V2
V2 can be obtained as
V3
V3 can be obtained as
There are three resistors of resistances,
R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, and R3 = 5 Ω
They are connected in parallel. Hence, total resistance (R) of the combination is given by,
Therefore, total resistance of the combination is .
Emf of the battery, V = 20 V
Current (I1) flowing through resistor R1 is given by,
Current (I2) flowing through resistor R2 is given by,
Current (I3) flowing through resistor R3 is given by,
Total current, I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 10 + 5 + 4 = 19 A
Therefore, the current through each resister is 10 A, 5 A, and 4 A respectively and the
total current is 19 A.
Question 3.5:
At room temperature (27.0 °C) the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the
temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the
temperature coefficient of the material of the
Answer
Room temperature, T = 27°C
Resistance of the heating element at
Let T1 is the increased temperature of the filament.
Resistance of the heating element at
Temperature co-efficient of the material of the
Therefore, at 1027°C, the resistance of the element is 117Ω.
Question 3.6:
resistor is
T, R = 100 Ω
T1, R1 = 117 Ω
filament,
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross
section 6.0 × 10−7 m2, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 Ω. What is
the material at the temperature of the experiment?
Answer
Length of the wire, l =15 m
Area of cross-section of the wire,
Resistance of the material of the wire,
Resistivity of the material of the wire =
Resistance is related with the resistivity as
Therefore, the resistivity of the material is 2 × 10
Question 3.7:
A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C.
Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Answer
Temperature, T1 = 27.5°C
Resistance of the silver wire at
, the resistivity of
a = 6.0 × 10−7 m2
R = 5.0 Ω
ρ
10−7 Ω m.
T1, R1 = 2.1 Ω
crossthe
Temperature, T2 = 100°C
Resistance of the silver wire at
Temperature coefficient of silver =
It is related with temperature and resistance as
Therefore, the temperature coefficient of silver is 0.0039°C
Question 3.8:
Aheating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of
3.2 A which settles after a few seconds toa steady
temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0 °C? Temperature
coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is
1.70 × 10−4 °C −1.
Answer
Supply voltage, V = 230 V
Initial current drawn, I1 = 3.2 A
Initial resistance = R1, which is given by the relation,
Steady state value of the current,
Resistance at the steady state =
T2, R2 = 2.7 Ω
α
C−1.
value of 2.8 A. What is the steady
, I2 = 2.8 A
R2, which is given as
Temperature co-efficient of nichrome,
Initial temperature of nichrome,
Study state temperature reached by nichrome =
T2 can be obtained by the relation for
Therefore, the steady temperature of the heating element is 867.5°C
Question 3.9:
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in fig 3.30:
Answer
Current flowing through various branches of the circuit is represented in the given figure.
α = 1.70 × 10−4 °C −1
T1= 27.0°C
T2
α,
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I1 = Current flowing through the outer circuit
I2 = Current flowing through branch AB
I3 = Current flowing through branch AD
I2 − I4 = Current flowing through branch BC
I3 + I4 = Current flowing through branch CD
I4 = Current flowing through branch BD
For the closed circuit ABDA, potential is zero i.e.,
10I2 + 5I4 − 5I3 = 0
2I2 + I4 −I3 = 0
I3 = 2I2 + I4 … (1)
For the closed circuit BCDB, potential is zero i.e.,
5(I2 − I4) − 10(I3 + I4) − 5I4 = 0
5I2 + 5I4 − 10I3 − 10I4 − 5I4 = 0
5I2 − 10I3 − 20I4 = 0
I2 = 2I3 + 4I4 … (2)
For the closed circuit ABCFEA, potential is zero i.e.,
−10 + 10 (I1) + 10(I2) + 5(I2 − I4) = 0
10 = 15I2 + 10I1 − 5I4
3I2 + 2I1 − I4 = 2 … (3)
From equations (1) and (2), we obtain
I3 = 2(2I3 + 4I4) + I4
I3 = 4I3 + 8I4 + I4
3I3 = 9I4
3I4 = + I3 … (4)
Putting equation (4) in equation (1), we obtain
I3 = 2I2 + I4
4I4 = 2I2
I2 = − 2I4 … (5)
It is evident from the given figure that,
I1 = I3 + I2 … (6)
Putting equation (6) in equation (1), we obtain
3I2 +2(I3 + I2) − I4 = 2
5I2 + 2I3 − I4 = 2 … (7)
Putting equations (4) and (5) in equation (7), we obtain
5(−2 I4) + 2(− 3 I4) − I4 = 2
10I4 − 6I4 − I4 = 2
17I4 = − 2
Equation (4) reduces to
I3 = − 3(I4)
Therefore, current in branch
In branch BC =
In branch CD =
In branch AD
In branch BD =
Total current =
Question 3.10:
In a metre bridge [Fig. 3.27], the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end
when the resistor Y is of 12.5 Ω. Determine the resistance of
between resistors in a Wheatstone or meter bridge made of thick copper strip
Determine the balance point of the bridge above if
What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the
bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current?
X. Why are the connections
X and Y are interchanged.
A,
. strips?
Answer
A metre bridge with resistors X and Y is represented in the given figure.
Balance point from end A, l1 = 39.5 cm
Resistance of the resistor Y = 12.5 Ω
Condition for the balance is given as,
Therefore, the resistance of resistor X is 8.2 Ω.
The connection between resistors in a Wheatstone or metre bridge is made of thick copper
strips to minimize the resistance, which is not taken into consideration in the bridge
formula.
If X and Y are interchanged, then l1 and 100−l1 get interchanged.
The balance point of the bridge will be 100−l1 from A.
100−l1 = 100 − 39.5 = 60.5 cm
Therefore, the balance point is 60.5 cm from A.
When the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge, the
galvanometer will show no deflection. Hence, no current would flow through the
galvanometer.
Question 3.11:
A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V
dc supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery
during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
Answer
Emf of the storage battery, E
Internal resistance of the battery,
DC supply voltage, V = 120 V
Resistance of the resistor, R = 15.5 Ω
Effective voltage in the circuit =
R is connected to the storage battery in series. Hence, it can be
V1 = V − E
V1 = 120 − 8 = 112 V
Current flowing in the circuit =
Voltage across resistor R given by the product,
DC supply voltage = Terminal voltage of battery + Voltage drop across
Terminal voltage of battery = 120
= 8.0 V
r = 0.5 Ω
V1
written as
I, which is given by the relation,
IR = 7 × 15.5 = 108.5 V
R
− 108.5 = 11.5 V
A series resistor in a charging circuit limits the current drawn from the external source.
The current will be extremely high in its absence. This is very dangerous.
Question 3.12:
In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35.0 cm
length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to
63.0 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
Answer
Emf of the cell, E1 = 1.25 V
Balance point of the potentiometer,
The cell is replaced by another cell of emf
New balance point of the potentiometer,
Therefore, emf of the second cell is 2.25V.
Question 3.13:
The number density of free elect
8.5 × 1028 m−3. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long
to its other end? The area of cross
current of 3.0 A.
Answer
l1= 35 cm
E2.
l2 = 63 cm
electrons in a copper conductor estimated in Example 3.1 is
. cross-section of the wire is 2.0 × 10−6 m2 and it is carrying a
rons
Number density of free electrons in a copper conductor,
copper wire, l = 3.0 m
Area of cross-section of the wire,
Current carried by the wire, I
I = nAeVd
Where,
e = Electric charge = 1.6 × 10
Vd = Drift velocity
Therefore, the time taken by an electron to drift from one end of the wire to the other is
2.7 × 104 s.
Question 3.14:
The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge
difference of 400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (due to the
low conductivity of the lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire
globe. If there were no mechanism of susta
time (roughly) would be required to neutralise the earth’s surface? (This never happens in
practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual
thunderstorms and lightning in d
m.)
Answer
n = 8.5 × 1028 m−3 Length of the
A = 2.0 × 10−6 m2
= 3.0 A, which is given by the relation,
10−19 C
density of 10−9 C m−2. The potential
sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much
different parts of the globe). (Radius of earth = 6.37 × 10
. ining ifferent 106
Surface charge density of the earth,
Current over the entire globe,
Radius of the earth, r = 6.37 × 10
Surface area of the earth,
A = 4πr2
= 4π × (6.37 × 106)2
= 5.09 × 1014 m2
Charge on the earth surface,
q = σ × A
= 10−9 × 5.09 × 1014
= 5.09 × 105 C
Time taken to neutralize the earth’s surface =
Current,
Therefore, the time taken to neutralize the earth’s surface is 282.77 s.
Question 3.15:
Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω
are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current
drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
σ = 10−9 C m−2
I = 1800 A
106 m
t
A secondary cell after long use has an emf of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance of 380
Ω. What maximum current can be drawn from the cell? Could the cell drive the starting
motor of a car?
Answer
Number of secondary cells, n
Emf of each secondary cell, E
Internal resistance of each cell,
series resistor is connected to the combination of cells.
Resistance of the resistor, R = 8.5 Ω
Current drawn from the supply =
Terminal voltage, V = IR = 1.39 × 8.5 = 11.87 A
Therefore, the current drawn from the supply is 1.39 A and terminal voltage is
11.87 A.
After a long use, emf of the secondary cell,
Internal resistance of the cell,
Hence, maximum current
Therefore, the maximum current drawn from the cell is 0.005 A. Since a large current is
required to start the motor of a car, the cell cannot be used to start a motor.
= 6
= 2.0 V
r = 0.015 Ω
I, which is given by the relation,
E = 1.9 V
r = 380 Ω
Question 3.16:
Two wires of equal length, one of aluminium and the other of copper have the same
resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminium wires are
preferred for overhead power cables. (ρAl = 2.63 × 10−8 Ω m, ρCu = 1.72 × 10−8 Ω m,
Relative density of Al = 2.7, of Cu = 8.9.)
Answer
Resistivity of aluminium, ρAl = 2.63 × 10−8 Ω m
Relative density of aluminium, d1 = 2.7
Let l1 be the length of aluminium wire and m1 be its mass.
Resistance of the aluminium wire = R1
Area of cross-section of the aluminium wire = A1
Resistivity of copper, ρCu = 1.72 × 10−8 Ω m
Relative density of copper, d2 = 8.9
Let l2 be the length of copper wire and m2 be its mass.
Resistance of the copper wire = R2
Area of cross-section of the copper wire = A2
The two relations can be written as
It is given that,
And,
Mass of the aluminium wire,
m1 = Volume × Density
= A1l1 × d1 = A1 l1d1 … (3)
Mass of the copper wire,
m2 = Volume × Density
= A2l2 × d2 = A2 l2d2 … (4)
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4), we obtain
It can be inferred from this ratio that
copper.
Since aluminium is lighter, it is preferred for overhead power cables over copper.
Question 3.17:
What conclusion can you draw from the following observations on a resistor made of
alloy manganin?
m1 is less than m2. Hence, aluminium is lighter than
Current
A
Voltage
V
0.2 3.94
0.4 7.87
0.6 11.8
0.8 15.7
1.0 19.7
2.0 39.4
Answer
It can be inferred from the given table that the ratio of voltage with current is a constant,
which is equal to 19.7. Hence, manganin is an ohmic conductor i.e., the alloy obeys
Ohm’s law. According to Ohm’s law, the ratio of voltage with current is the re
the conductor. Hence, the resistance of manganin is 19.7 Ω.
Question 3.18:
Answer the following questions:
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non
these quantities is constant along the
drift speed?
Is Ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements?
If not, give examples of elements which do not obey Ohm’s law.
A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must h
resistance. Why?
A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance.
Why?
Answer
Current
A
Voltage
V
3.0 59.2
4.0 78.8
5.0 98.6
6.0 118.5
7.0 138.2
8.0 158.0
non-uniform cross- section. Which of
conductor: current, current density, electric field,
have very low internal
resistance of
ave
When a steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non
current flowing through the conductor is constant. Current density, electric field, and drift
speed are inversely proportional to the area of cross
constant.
No, Ohm’s law is not universally applicable for all conducting elements. Vacuum diode
semi-conductor is a non-ohmic conductor. Ohm’s law is not valid for it.
According to Ohm’s law, the relation for the potential is
Voltage (V) is directly proportional to current (
R is the internal resistance of the source.
If V is low, then R must be very low, so that high current can be drawn from the source.
In order to prohibit the current from exceeding the safety limit, a high tension supply
must have a very large internal resistance. If the internal resistance is not large, then the
current drawn can exceed the safety limits in case of a short circuit.
Question 3.19:
Choose the correct alternative:
Alloys of metals usually have (greater/less) resistivity than that of their constituent
metals.
Alloys usually have much (lower/higher) temperature coefficients of resistance than pure
metals.
The resistivity of the alloy manganin is nearly independent of/increases rapidly with
increase of temperature.
The resistivity of a typical insulator (e.g., amber) is greater than that
of the order of (1022/103).
Answer
non-uniform cross-section, the
cross-section. Therefore, they are not
V = IR
) I).
ent of a metal by a factor
Alloys of metals usually have greater resistivity than that of their constituent metals.
Alloys usually have lower temperature coefficients of resistance than pure metals.
The resistivity of the alloy, manganin, is nearly independent of increase of temperature.
The resistivity of a typical insulator is greater than that of a metal by a factor of the order
of 1022.
Question 3.20:
Given n resistors each of resistance
maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to
minimum resistance?
Given the resistances of 1 Ω, 2 Ω, 3 Ω, how will be combine them to get an equivalent
resistance of (i) (11/3) Ω (ii) (11/5) Ω, (iii) 6 Ω, (iv) (6/11) Ω?
Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in Fig. 3.31.
Answer
Total number of resistors = n
Resistance of each resistor =
When n resistors are connected in series, effective resistance
the product nR.
R, how will you combine them to get the (i)
R
R1is the maximum, given by
, is
Hence, maximum resistance of the combination, R1 = nR
When n resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance (R2) is the minimum,
given by the ratio .
Hence, minimum resistance of the combination, R2 =
The ratio of the maximum to the minimum resistance is,
The resistance of the given resistors is,
R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 3 Ω2
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the following combination of the resistors.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the following combination of the resistors.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
Equivalent resistance, R’ = 6 Ω
Consider the series combination of the resistors, as shown in the given circuit.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by the sum,
R’ = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 Ω
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the series combination of the resistors, as shown in the given circuit.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
(a) It can be observed from the given circuit that in the first small loop, two resistors of
resistance 1 Ω each are connected in series.
Hence, their equivalent resistance = (1+1) = 2 Ω
It can also be observed that two resistors of resistance 2 Ω each are connected in series.
Hence, their equivalent resistance = (2 + 2) = 4 Ω.
Therefore, the circuit can be redrawn as
It can be observed that 2 Ω and 4 Ω resistors are connected in parallel in all the four
loops. Hence, equivalent resistance (R’) of each loop is given by,
The circuit reduces to,
All the four resistors are connected in series.
Hence, equivalent resistance of the given circuit is
It can be observed from the given circuit that five resistors of resistance
connected in series.
Hence, equivalent resistance of the circuit =
= 5 R
Question 3.21:
Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with internal resistance 0.5 Ω by the
infinite network shown in Fig. 3.32. Each resistor has 1 Ω resistance.
Answer
The resistance of each resistor connected in the given circuit,
Equivalent resistance of the given circuit =
The network is infinite. Hence, equivalent resistance is given by the relation,
R each are
R + R + R + R + R
R = 1 Ω
R’
Negative value of R’ cannot be accepted.
Internal resistance of the circuit,
Hence, total resistance of the given circuit = 2.73 + 0.5 = 3.23 Ω
Supply voltage, V = 12 V
According to Ohm’s Law, current drawn from the source is given by the ratio,
3.72 A
Question 3.22:
Figure 3.33 shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.40 Ω
maintaining a potential drop across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains
a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents up
point at 67.3 cm length of the wire. To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard
cell, a very high resistance of 600 kΩ is put in series with it, which is shorted close to the
balance point. The standard cell is then re
balance point found similarly, turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire.
Hence, equivalent resistance,
r = 0.5 Ω
to a few mA) gives a balance
replaced by a cell of unknown emf ε
=
and the
What is the value ε ?
What purpose does the high resistance of 600 kΩ have?
Is the balance point affected by this high resistance?
Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell?
Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the
potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V?
(f ) Would the circuit work well for determining an extremely small emf, say of the order
of a few mV (such as the typical emf of a thermo-couple)? If not, how will you modify
the circuit?
Answer
Constant emf of the given standard cell, E1 = 1.02 V
Balance point on the wire, l1 = 67.3 cm
A cell of unknown emf, ε,replaced the standard cell. Therefore, new balance point on the
wire, l = 82.3 cm
The relation connecting emf and balance point is,
The value of unknown emfis 1.247 V.
The purpose of using the high resistance of 600 kΩ is to reduce the current through the
galvanometer when the movable contact is far from the balance point.
The balance point is not affected by the presence of high resistance.
The point is not affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell.
The method would not work if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V
instead of 2.0 V. This is because if the emf of the driver cell of the potentiometer is less
than the emf of the other cell, then there would be no balance point on the wire.
The circuit would not work well for determining an extremely small emf. As the circuit
would be unstable, the balance point would be close to end A. Hence, there would be a
large percentage of error.
The given circuit can be modified if a series resistance
The potential drop across AB is slightly greater than the emf measured. The percentage
error would be small.
Question 3.23:
Figure 3.34 shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance
point with a standard resistor
unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm. Determine the value of
failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf
Answer
Resistance of the standard resistor,
Balance point for this resistance,
Current in the potentiometer wire =
Hence, potential drop across
Resistance of the unknown resistor =
thod he is connected with the wire AB.
R = 10.0 Ω is found to be 58.3 cm, while that with the
X. What might you do if y
ε?
R = 10.0 Ω
l1 = 58.3 cm
i
R, E1 = iR
X
. you
Balance point for this resistor,
Hence, potential drop across
The relation connecting emf and balance point is,
Therefore, the value of the unknown resistance,
If we fail to find a balance point with the given cell of emf,
across R and X must be reduced by putting a resistance in series with it. Only if the
potential drop across R or X is smaller than the potential drop across the potentiometer
wire AB, a balance point is obtained.
Question 3.24:
Figure 3.35 shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal resistance
of a 1.5 V cell. The balance point of the cell in open circuit is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of
9.5 Ω is used in the external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm length
of the potentiometer wire. Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
Answer
l2 = 68.5 cm
X, E2 = iX
X, is 11.75 Ω.
ind ε, then the potential drop
B, ,
Internal resistance of the cell =
Balance point of the cell in open circuit,
An external resistance (R) is connected to the circuit with
New balance point of the circuit,
Current flowing through the circuit =
The relation connecting resistance and emf is,
Therefore, the internal resistance of the cell
r
l1 = 76.3 cm
) R = 9.5 Ω
l2 = 64.8 cm
I
is 1.68Ω.
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is
0.4Ω, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
Answer
Emf of the battery, E = 12 V
Internal resistance of the battery,
Maximum current drawn from the battery =
According to Ohm’s law,
The maximum current drawn from the given battery is 30 A.
Question 3.2:
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is connecte
in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage
of the battery when the circuit is closed?
Answer
Emf of the battery, E = 10 V
Internal resistance of the battery,
r = 0.4 Ω
I
connected to a resistor. If the current
r = 3 Ω
d
Current in the circuit, I = 0.5 A
Resistance of the resistor = R
The relation for current using Ohm’s law is,
Terminal voltage of the resistor =
According to Ohm’s law,
V = IR
= 0.5 × 17
= 8.5 V
Therefore, the resistance of the resistor is 17 Ω and the
8.5 V.
Question 3.3:
Three resistors 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω are combined in series. What is the total resistance of
the combination?
If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12 V and negligible internal
resistance, obtain the potential drop across each resistor.
Answer
Three resistors of resistances 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω are combined in series. Total resistance of
the combination is given by the algebraic sum of individual resistances.
V
terminal voltage is
Total resistance = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 Ω
Current flowing through the circuit =
Emf of the battery, E = 12 V
Total resistance of the circuit,
The relation for current using Ohm’s law is,
Potential drop across 1 Ω resistor =
From Ohm’s law, the value of
V1 = 2 × 1= 2 V … (i)
Potential drop across 2 Ω resistor =
Again, from Ohm’s law, the value of
V2 = 2 × 2= 4 V … (ii)
Potential drop across 3 Ω resistor =
Again, from Ohm’s law, the value of
V3 = 2 × 3= 6 V … (iii)
Therefore, the potential drop across 1 Ω, 2 Ω, and 3 Ω resistors are 2 V, 4 V, and 6 V
respectively.
Question 3.4:
Three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω and 5 Ω are combined in parallel. What is the total resistance of
the combination?
If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 20 V and negligible internal
resistance, determine the current through each resistor, and the total current drawn from
the battery.
Answer
I
R = 6 Ω
V1
V1 can be obtained as
V2
V2 can be obtained as
V3
V3 can be obtained as
There are three resistors of resistances,
R1 = 2 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, and R3 = 5 Ω
They are connected in parallel. Hence, total resistance (R) of the combination is given by,
Therefore, total resistance of the combination is .
Emf of the battery, V = 20 V
Current (I1) flowing through resistor R1 is given by,
Current (I2) flowing through resistor R2 is given by,
Current (I3) flowing through resistor R3 is given by,
Total current, I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 10 + 5 + 4 = 19 A
Therefore, the current through each resister is 10 A, 5 A, and 4 A respectively and the
total current is 19 A.
Question 3.5:
At room temperature (27.0 °C) the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the
temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the
temperature coefficient of the material of the
Answer
Room temperature, T = 27°C
Resistance of the heating element at
Let T1 is the increased temperature of the filament.
Resistance of the heating element at
Temperature co-efficient of the material of the
Therefore, at 1027°C, the resistance of the element is 117Ω.
Question 3.6:
resistor is
T, R = 100 Ω
T1, R1 = 117 Ω
filament,
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross
section 6.0 × 10−7 m2, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 Ω. What is
the material at the temperature of the experiment?
Answer
Length of the wire, l =15 m
Area of cross-section of the wire,
Resistance of the material of the wire,
Resistivity of the material of the wire =
Resistance is related with the resistivity as
Therefore, the resistivity of the material is 2 × 10
Question 3.7:
A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C.
Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Answer
Temperature, T1 = 27.5°C
Resistance of the silver wire at
, the resistivity of
a = 6.0 × 10−7 m2
R = 5.0 Ω
ρ
10−7 Ω m.
T1, R1 = 2.1 Ω
crossthe
Temperature, T2 = 100°C
Resistance of the silver wire at
Temperature coefficient of silver =
It is related with temperature and resistance as
Therefore, the temperature coefficient of silver is 0.0039°C
Question 3.8:
Aheating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of
3.2 A which settles after a few seconds toa steady
temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0 °C? Temperature
coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is
1.70 × 10−4 °C −1.
Answer
Supply voltage, V = 230 V
Initial current drawn, I1 = 3.2 A
Initial resistance = R1, which is given by the relation,
Steady state value of the current,
Resistance at the steady state =
T2, R2 = 2.7 Ω
α
C−1.
value of 2.8 A. What is the steady
, I2 = 2.8 A
R2, which is given as
Temperature co-efficient of nichrome,
Initial temperature of nichrome,
Study state temperature reached by nichrome =
T2 can be obtained by the relation for
Therefore, the steady temperature of the heating element is 867.5°C
Question 3.9:
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in fig 3.30:
Answer
Current flowing through various branches of the circuit is represented in the given figure.
α = 1.70 × 10−4 °C −1
T1= 27.0°C
T2
α,
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I1 = Current flowing through the outer circuit
I2 = Current flowing through branch AB
I3 = Current flowing through branch AD
I2 − I4 = Current flowing through branch BC
I3 + I4 = Current flowing through branch CD
I4 = Current flowing through branch BD
For the closed circuit ABDA, potential is zero i.e.,
10I2 + 5I4 − 5I3 = 0
2I2 + I4 −I3 = 0
I3 = 2I2 + I4 … (1)
For the closed circuit BCDB, potential is zero i.e.,
5(I2 − I4) − 10(I3 + I4) − 5I4 = 0
5I2 + 5I4 − 10I3 − 10I4 − 5I4 = 0
5I2 − 10I3 − 20I4 = 0
I2 = 2I3 + 4I4 … (2)
For the closed circuit ABCFEA, potential is zero i.e.,
−10 + 10 (I1) + 10(I2) + 5(I2 − I4) = 0
10 = 15I2 + 10I1 − 5I4
3I2 + 2I1 − I4 = 2 … (3)
From equations (1) and (2), we obtain
I3 = 2(2I3 + 4I4) + I4
I3 = 4I3 + 8I4 + I4
3I3 = 9I4
3I4 = + I3 … (4)
Putting equation (4) in equation (1), we obtain
I3 = 2I2 + I4
4I4 = 2I2
I2 = − 2I4 … (5)
It is evident from the given figure that,
I1 = I3 + I2 … (6)
Putting equation (6) in equation (1), we obtain
3I2 +2(I3 + I2) − I4 = 2
5I2 + 2I3 − I4 = 2 … (7)
Putting equations (4) and (5) in equation (7), we obtain
5(−2 I4) + 2(− 3 I4) − I4 = 2
10I4 − 6I4 − I4 = 2
17I4 = − 2
Equation (4) reduces to
I3 = − 3(I4)
Therefore, current in branch
In branch BC =
In branch CD =
In branch AD
In branch BD =
Total current =
Question 3.10:
In a metre bridge [Fig. 3.27], the balance point is found to be at 39.5 cm from the end
when the resistor Y is of 12.5 Ω. Determine the resistance of
between resistors in a Wheatstone or meter bridge made of thick copper strip
Determine the balance point of the bridge above if
What happens if the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the
bridge? Would the galvanometer show any current?
X. Why are the connections
X and Y are interchanged.
A,
. strips?
Answer
A metre bridge with resistors X and Y is represented in the given figure.
Balance point from end A, l1 = 39.5 cm
Resistance of the resistor Y = 12.5 Ω
Condition for the balance is given as,
Therefore, the resistance of resistor X is 8.2 Ω.
The connection between resistors in a Wheatstone or metre bridge is made of thick copper
strips to minimize the resistance, which is not taken into consideration in the bridge
formula.
If X and Y are interchanged, then l1 and 100−l1 get interchanged.
The balance point of the bridge will be 100−l1 from A.
100−l1 = 100 − 39.5 = 60.5 cm
Therefore, the balance point is 60.5 cm from A.
When the galvanometer and cell are interchanged at the balance point of the bridge, the
galvanometer will show no deflection. Hence, no current would flow through the
galvanometer.
Question 3.11:
A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is being charged by a 120 V
dc supply using a series resistor of 15.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of the battery
during charging? What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit?
Answer
Emf of the storage battery, E
Internal resistance of the battery,
DC supply voltage, V = 120 V
Resistance of the resistor, R = 15.5 Ω
Effective voltage in the circuit =
R is connected to the storage battery in series. Hence, it can be
V1 = V − E
V1 = 120 − 8 = 112 V
Current flowing in the circuit =
Voltage across resistor R given by the product,
DC supply voltage = Terminal voltage of battery + Voltage drop across
Terminal voltage of battery = 120
= 8.0 V
r = 0.5 Ω
V1
written as
I, which is given by the relation,
IR = 7 × 15.5 = 108.5 V
R
− 108.5 = 11.5 V
A series resistor in a charging circuit limits the current drawn from the external source.
The current will be extremely high in its absence. This is very dangerous.
Question 3.12:
In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35.0 cm
length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to
63.0 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
Answer
Emf of the cell, E1 = 1.25 V
Balance point of the potentiometer,
The cell is replaced by another cell of emf
New balance point of the potentiometer,
Therefore, emf of the second cell is 2.25V.
Question 3.13:
The number density of free elect
8.5 × 1028 m−3. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long
to its other end? The area of cross
current of 3.0 A.
Answer
l1= 35 cm
E2.
l2 = 63 cm
electrons in a copper conductor estimated in Example 3.1 is
. cross-section of the wire is 2.0 × 10−6 m2 and it is carrying a
rons
Number density of free electrons in a copper conductor,
copper wire, l = 3.0 m
Area of cross-section of the wire,
Current carried by the wire, I
I = nAeVd
Where,
e = Electric charge = 1.6 × 10
Vd = Drift velocity
Therefore, the time taken by an electron to drift from one end of the wire to the other is
2.7 × 104 s.
Question 3.14:
The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge
difference of 400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (due to the
low conductivity of the lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire
globe. If there were no mechanism of susta
time (roughly) would be required to neutralise the earth’s surface? (This never happens in
practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges, namely the continual
thunderstorms and lightning in d
m.)
Answer
n = 8.5 × 1028 m−3 Length of the
A = 2.0 × 10−6 m2
= 3.0 A, which is given by the relation,
10−19 C
density of 10−9 C m−2. The potential
sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much
different parts of the globe). (Radius of earth = 6.37 × 10
. ining ifferent 106
Surface charge density of the earth,
Current over the entire globe,
Radius of the earth, r = 6.37 × 10
Surface area of the earth,
A = 4πr2
= 4π × (6.37 × 106)2
= 5.09 × 1014 m2
Charge on the earth surface,
q = σ × A
= 10−9 × 5.09 × 1014
= 5.09 × 105 C
Time taken to neutralize the earth’s surface =
Current,
Therefore, the time taken to neutralize the earth’s surface is 282.77 s.
Question 3.15:
Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 Ω
are joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Ω. What are the current
drawn from the supply and its terminal voltage?
σ = 10−9 C m−2
I = 1800 A
106 m
t
A secondary cell after long use has an emf of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance of 380
Ω. What maximum current can be drawn from the cell? Could the cell drive the starting
motor of a car?
Answer
Number of secondary cells, n
Emf of each secondary cell, E
Internal resistance of each cell,
series resistor is connected to the combination of cells.
Resistance of the resistor, R = 8.5 Ω
Current drawn from the supply =
Terminal voltage, V = IR = 1.39 × 8.5 = 11.87 A
Therefore, the current drawn from the supply is 1.39 A and terminal voltage is
11.87 A.
After a long use, emf of the secondary cell,
Internal resistance of the cell,
Hence, maximum current
Therefore, the maximum current drawn from the cell is 0.005 A. Since a large current is
required to start the motor of a car, the cell cannot be used to start a motor.
= 6
= 2.0 V
r = 0.015 Ω
I, which is given by the relation,
E = 1.9 V
r = 380 Ω
Question 3.16:
Two wires of equal length, one of aluminium and the other of copper have the same
resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminium wires are
preferred for overhead power cables. (ρAl = 2.63 × 10−8 Ω m, ρCu = 1.72 × 10−8 Ω m,
Relative density of Al = 2.7, of Cu = 8.9.)
Answer
Resistivity of aluminium, ρAl = 2.63 × 10−8 Ω m
Relative density of aluminium, d1 = 2.7
Let l1 be the length of aluminium wire and m1 be its mass.
Resistance of the aluminium wire = R1
Area of cross-section of the aluminium wire = A1
Resistivity of copper, ρCu = 1.72 × 10−8 Ω m
Relative density of copper, d2 = 8.9
Let l2 be the length of copper wire and m2 be its mass.
Resistance of the copper wire = R2
Area of cross-section of the copper wire = A2
The two relations can be written as
It is given that,
And,
Mass of the aluminium wire,
m1 = Volume × Density
= A1l1 × d1 = A1 l1d1 … (3)
Mass of the copper wire,
m2 = Volume × Density
= A2l2 × d2 = A2 l2d2 … (4)
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4), we obtain
It can be inferred from this ratio that
copper.
Since aluminium is lighter, it is preferred for overhead power cables over copper.
Question 3.17:
What conclusion can you draw from the following observations on a resistor made of
alloy manganin?
m1 is less than m2. Hence, aluminium is lighter than
Current
A
Voltage
V
0.2 3.94
0.4 7.87
0.6 11.8
0.8 15.7
1.0 19.7
2.0 39.4
Answer
It can be inferred from the given table that the ratio of voltage with current is a constant,
which is equal to 19.7. Hence, manganin is an ohmic conductor i.e., the alloy obeys
Ohm’s law. According to Ohm’s law, the ratio of voltage with current is the re
the conductor. Hence, the resistance of manganin is 19.7 Ω.
Question 3.18:
Answer the following questions:
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non
these quantities is constant along the
drift speed?
Is Ohm’s law universally applicable for all conducting elements?
If not, give examples of elements which do not obey Ohm’s law.
A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must h
resistance. Why?
A high tension (HT) supply of, say, 6 kV must have a very large internal resistance.
Why?
Answer
Current
A
Voltage
V
3.0 59.2
4.0 78.8
5.0 98.6
6.0 118.5
7.0 138.2
8.0 158.0
non-uniform cross- section. Which of
conductor: current, current density, electric field,
have very low internal
resistance of
ave
When a steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non
current flowing through the conductor is constant. Current density, electric field, and drift
speed are inversely proportional to the area of cross
constant.
No, Ohm’s law is not universally applicable for all conducting elements. Vacuum diode
semi-conductor is a non-ohmic conductor. Ohm’s law is not valid for it.
According to Ohm’s law, the relation for the potential is
Voltage (V) is directly proportional to current (
R is the internal resistance of the source.
If V is low, then R must be very low, so that high current can be drawn from the source.
In order to prohibit the current from exceeding the safety limit, a high tension supply
must have a very large internal resistance. If the internal resistance is not large, then the
current drawn can exceed the safety limits in case of a short circuit.
Question 3.19:
Choose the correct alternative:
Alloys of metals usually have (greater/less) resistivity than that of their constituent
metals.
Alloys usually have much (lower/higher) temperature coefficients of resistance than pure
metals.
The resistivity of the alloy manganin is nearly independent of/increases rapidly with
increase of temperature.
The resistivity of a typical insulator (e.g., amber) is greater than that
of the order of (1022/103).
Answer
non-uniform cross-section, the
cross-section. Therefore, they are not
V = IR
) I).
ent of a metal by a factor
Alloys of metals usually have greater resistivity than that of their constituent metals.
Alloys usually have lower temperature coefficients of resistance than pure metals.
The resistivity of the alloy, manganin, is nearly independent of increase of temperature.
The resistivity of a typical insulator is greater than that of a metal by a factor of the order
of 1022.
Question 3.20:
Given n resistors each of resistance
maximum (ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to
minimum resistance?
Given the resistances of 1 Ω, 2 Ω, 3 Ω, how will be combine them to get an equivalent
resistance of (i) (11/3) Ω (ii) (11/5) Ω, (iii) 6 Ω, (iv) (6/11) Ω?
Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in Fig. 3.31.
Answer
Total number of resistors = n
Resistance of each resistor =
When n resistors are connected in series, effective resistance
the product nR.
R, how will you combine them to get the (i)
R
R1is the maximum, given by
, is
Hence, maximum resistance of the combination, R1 = nR
When n resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance (R2) is the minimum,
given by the ratio .
Hence, minimum resistance of the combination, R2 =
The ratio of the maximum to the minimum resistance is,
The resistance of the given resistors is,
R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 3 Ω2
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the following combination of the resistors.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the following combination of the resistors.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
Equivalent resistance, R’ = 6 Ω
Consider the series combination of the resistors, as shown in the given circuit.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by the sum,
R’ = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 Ω
Equivalent resistance,
Consider the series combination of the resistors, as shown in the given circuit.
Equivalent resistance of the circuit is given by,
(a) It can be observed from the given circuit that in the first small loop, two resistors of
resistance 1 Ω each are connected in series.
Hence, their equivalent resistance = (1+1) = 2 Ω
It can also be observed that two resistors of resistance 2 Ω each are connected in series.
Hence, their equivalent resistance = (2 + 2) = 4 Ω.
Therefore, the circuit can be redrawn as
It can be observed that 2 Ω and 4 Ω resistors are connected in parallel in all the four
loops. Hence, equivalent resistance (R’) of each loop is given by,
The circuit reduces to,
All the four resistors are connected in series.
Hence, equivalent resistance of the given circuit is
It can be observed from the given circuit that five resistors of resistance
connected in series.
Hence, equivalent resistance of the circuit =
= 5 R
Question 3.21:
Determine the current drawn from a 12 V supply with internal resistance 0.5 Ω by the
infinite network shown in Fig. 3.32. Each resistor has 1 Ω resistance.
Answer
The resistance of each resistor connected in the given circuit,
Equivalent resistance of the given circuit =
The network is infinite. Hence, equivalent resistance is given by the relation,
R each are
R + R + R + R + R
R = 1 Ω
R’
Negative value of R’ cannot be accepted.
Internal resistance of the circuit,
Hence, total resistance of the given circuit = 2.73 + 0.5 = 3.23 Ω
Supply voltage, V = 12 V
According to Ohm’s Law, current drawn from the source is given by the ratio,
3.72 A
Question 3.22:
Figure 3.33 shows a potentiometer with a cell of 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.40 Ω
maintaining a potential drop across the resistor wire AB. A standard cell which maintains
a constant emf of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents up
point at 67.3 cm length of the wire. To ensure very low currents drawn from the standard
cell, a very high resistance of 600 kΩ is put in series with it, which is shorted close to the
balance point. The standard cell is then re
balance point found similarly, turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the wire.
Hence, equivalent resistance,
r = 0.5 Ω
to a few mA) gives a balance
replaced by a cell of unknown emf ε
=
and the
What is the value ε ?
What purpose does the high resistance of 600 kΩ have?
Is the balance point affected by this high resistance?
Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell?
Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the
potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V instead of 2.0 V?
(f ) Would the circuit work well for determining an extremely small emf, say of the order
of a few mV (such as the typical emf of a thermo-couple)? If not, how will you modify
the circuit?
Answer
Constant emf of the given standard cell, E1 = 1.02 V
Balance point on the wire, l1 = 67.3 cm
A cell of unknown emf, ε,replaced the standard cell. Therefore, new balance point on the
wire, l = 82.3 cm
The relation connecting emf and balance point is,
The value of unknown emfis 1.247 V.
The purpose of using the high resistance of 600 kΩ is to reduce the current through the
galvanometer when the movable contact is far from the balance point.
The balance point is not affected by the presence of high resistance.
The point is not affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell.
The method would not work if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf of 1.0 V
instead of 2.0 V. This is because if the emf of the driver cell of the potentiometer is less
than the emf of the other cell, then there would be no balance point on the wire.
The circuit would not work well for determining an extremely small emf. As the circuit
would be unstable, the balance point would be close to end A. Hence, there would be a
large percentage of error.
The given circuit can be modified if a series resistance
The potential drop across AB is slightly greater than the emf measured. The percentage
error would be small.
Question 3.23:
Figure 3.34 shows a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance
point with a standard resistor
unknown resistance X is 68.5 cm. Determine the value of
failed to find a balance point with the given cell of emf
Answer
Resistance of the standard resistor,
Balance point for this resistance,
Current in the potentiometer wire =
Hence, potential drop across
Resistance of the unknown resistor =
thod he is connected with the wire AB.
R = 10.0 Ω is found to be 58.3 cm, while that with the
X. What might you do if y
ε?
R = 10.0 Ω
l1 = 58.3 cm
i
R, E1 = iR
X
. you
Balance point for this resistor,
Hence, potential drop across
The relation connecting emf and balance point is,
Therefore, the value of the unknown resistance,
If we fail to find a balance point with the given cell of emf,
across R and X must be reduced by putting a resistance in series with it. Only if the
potential drop across R or X is smaller than the potential drop across the potentiometer
wire AB, a balance point is obtained.
Question 3.24:
Figure 3.35 shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal resistance
of a 1.5 V cell. The balance point of the cell in open circuit is 76.3 cm. When a resistor of
9.5 Ω is used in the external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 64.8 cm length
of the potentiometer wire. Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
Answer
l2 = 68.5 cm
X, E2 = iX
X, is 11.75 Ω.
ind ε, then the potential drop
B, ,
Internal resistance of the cell =
Balance point of the cell in open circuit,
An external resistance (R) is connected to the circuit with
New balance point of the circuit,
Current flowing through the circuit =
The relation connecting resistance and emf is,
Therefore, the internal resistance of the cell
r
l1 = 76.3 cm
) R = 9.5 Ω
l2 = 64.8 cm
I
is 1.68Ω.
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